Research & Scientific Support

There is a very large volume of evidence of harm to human health from electromagnetic radiation. Pennsylvanians for Safe Technology has identified at least 8,000 scientific studies that report biological and adverse health effects resulting from exposure to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. Many of these studies are military studies, though there are also many newer studies as well, often confirming the results of earlier studies.

Here are some large compilations of studies:

1. The evidence record in the DC Circuit US Court of Appeals case, Environmental Health Trust v FCC contains over 10,000 pages of mostly abstracts (summaries) of peer reviewed studies showing the harm of radiofrequency microwave electromagnetic radiation.   

Reference:

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, USCA Case #20-1025 Document #1869749 filed 11/04/2020 Volumes 1-27.

2. Bioinitiave 2012 Report (1800 studies alone in the 5-year period from 2007 to 2012).

3. Martin Pall (2017 ) List of 170 Reviews on Non-thermal Effects of Micro-wave/Intermediate Frequency EMFs.  

Recent Cancer Studies: 

1. IARC, (2002). Non-ionizing radiation. Part 1: Static and extremely low frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields (Volume 80). International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France. 

2. IARC, (2013). Non-ionizing radiation. Part 2: Radio frequency electromagnetic fields (Volume 102). International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France. 

3. Falcioni, L., Bua, L., Tibaldi, E. Lauriola, M., DeSanglis, L., et al. Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to mobile phone radio frequency field representative of 1.8 GHz GMS base station environmental emission. Environmental Research, 165, 496-503. 

4. Hardell, L., Hardell, L., Nyberg, R. (2020). Appeals that matter or not on a moratorium on the deployment of the fifth generation m 5G, for microwave radiation. Molecular and Clinical Oncology. 

5. Miller, A., Morgan, l., Udasin, I., Davis, D., (2018). Cancer epidemiology update following the 2011 IARC evaluation of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (Monograph 102). Environmental Research, 167, 673-683.

6. Miller, A., Morgan, l., Udasin, I., Davis, D. Hardell, L., et al. (2019). Risks to health and well being from radio frequency radiation emitted by cell phones and other wireless devices. Frontiers in Public Health, 7, 223. 

7. NTP (National Toxicology Program), 2018. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies in Sprague-Dawley SD rats exposed to whole body radio frequency radiation at a frequency (900 MHz) and modulations (GSM and CDMA) used by cell phones. NTP TR595. Department of Health and Human Services, USA.

8. Mevissen, M. Ducray, A., Ward, J.,Kopp-Schneider, A.,  McNamee, J., Wood, A., Rivero, T., & Straif, K. (2025). Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on cancer in laboratory animal studies, a systematic review, Environment International, (199)109482. ISSN 0160-4120, 

9. Giuliani, L., & Soffritti, M. (2010). National Institute for the Study and Control of Cancer and Environmental Diseases “Bernardino Ramazzini” (Italy); Istituto Ramazzini.; International Commission for Electromagnetic Safety.NLM Unique ID 101554011 

Military Studies

1. Air Force, Rome Laboratory (Bolen, 1994, 32 pages, House Report) Radio-frequency/Microwave Radiation Effects and Safety Standards: A Review. This report states in the conclusion section that "Experimental evidence has shown that exposure to low intensity radiation can have a profound effect on biological processes.   

2. Army  (Friedmann, 2006, 20 pages) Bio-effects of Selected Non-Lethal Weapons (Friedmann, 2006, 20 pages) 

3. Army (Adams and Williams 1976, 35 pages) Bio-effects of Electromagnetic Radiation and Microwaves - Eurasian Communist Countries. 

4. CIA  (Guo, 1977, 68 pages) Biological effects of millimeter radio waves. 

5. CIA Translations on USSR Science and Technology Biomedical Sciences - Effects of Non-ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation. (Vrachelbnoye, 1977/2012 4 pages) 

6. EPA (Elder and Cahill, 1980) 278 pages Biological effects of Radiofrequency radiation. Biological effects of radio-frequency radiation (includes mechanisms). 

7. NASA - Influence of Microwave Radiation on the Organism of Man and Animals. (JR Petrov 1970, 229 pages)  

8. NASA: - Electromagnetic Field Interactions with the human body: Observed effects and theories.  (Raines 1981, 125 pages) 

9. Naval Medical Research Institute “Bibliography of Reported Biological Phenomena (2,311 studies)

(‘Effects’) and Clinical Manifestations Attributed to Microwave and Radio-Frequency

Radiation. Note: another document (3700 studies before 1976 is listed in our resource files)

General Harm Studies/Documents

1.  Cities of Philadelphia and Boston (2013). Reply comments of the Cities of Philadelphia and Boston, Federal Communications Commission, ET Docket No. 13-84, ET Docket No. 03-137. 

2. Brief of Children’s Health Defense, and Building Biology Institute, et al as Amici Curiae in support of Appellees/cross-appellants “customers”. Brief of Amicus Curiae Supporting the Appellees/Cross-Appellant “Customers” in the Appeals from the Commonwealth Court’s October 8, 2020 Order at Docket Nos. 492 C.D. 2019, 606 C.D. 2019, and 607 C.D. 2019, Nos. C-2015-2475023, C-2015-2475726, and C-2016-2537666

Wireless Utility Meter Studies

1. Namkung, P. (2012). Memorandum: Health risks associated with smart meters. County of Santa Cruz Health Services Agency.

2. Smart meter radiation health effects. Physicians for Safe Technology mdsafetech.org.  

3. Conrad, R. & Friedman, E. (2013). Smart meter health effects survey and report. 

4. Conrad, R. Pre-filed testimony of Richard Conrad, Ph.D. MPUC Docket No. 2011-00262.

5. Golomb, B. Presented at: Baldwin, H., Davis, D., Goldberg, S., Havas, M., Mattson, K., Mallery-Blythe, E., & Russell, C. (2020, October 23-24 and 2021, January 28 -31). Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of EMF Associated Illness and Pre-Conference course: Electrosmog and Electrotheraapetics 101. Virtual Conference. 

6. Powell, R. (2014). The health argument for replacing wireless smart meters with a safe metering technology in Maryland. A message to the Maryland General Assembly. 1-20. 

7. Powell, R. (2015). Symptoms after exposure to smart meter radiation. 

8. Carpenter, D. Slide Presentation: Adverse health effects from radiofrequency (RF) radiation with a focus on AMI meters. University of Albany, Institute for Health and the Environment. 

9. Carpenter, D. (2020). Letter to WSSC Water. Response to report on potential impacts on human health of advanced metering infrastructure University of Albany, Institute for Health, and the Environment. 

10. Halteman, E. (2019). EMF Health effects survey 2019. Final Results March 12, 2019. Survey Design and Analysis. EMF Safety Network.

11. Hensigner, P & Budzinski, B., (2024). Why electrohypersensitivity is a biologically expected reaction to harmful radiation. Gesellschatt; 37,2-2024.

12. Jamieson, I & Mallory-Blythe, E. (2016). Joint written evidence, SME0004 Parliament.UK Testimony. Evidence on smart meters. 

13. Lamech, F. (2014). Self-reporting of symptom development from exposure to radiofrequency fields of wireless smart meters in Victoria, Australia. Alternative Therapies, 20 (6), 28-38. NIH PMID 25478801

14. Maisch, D. (2012). Smart meter health concerns: Just a nocebo effect or an emerging public health nightmare? Australian College of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine. 31 (2). 

15. Pocket, S. (2018). Public health and the radio frequency radiation emitted by cellphone technology, smart meters, and WiFi. New Zealand Medical Association Journal. 131 (1487), ISSN 1175-8716. 

16. Flydal, E. & Nordhagen, E. (2023). Smart meters, dirty electricity, pulses and health, 2270 Nedlastinger.  ISBN 978-82-692792-2-1

17. Victory against Enedis: The court rules against the forced installation of Linky Meters. French Court Case Ruling 

EMF Associated Illnesses & EMR Syndrome

1. Advocates for the EMS Disabled, Federal Communications Commission, GN Docket No. 22-69. 

2. Baldwin, H., Davis, D., Goldberg, S., Havas, M., Mattson, K., Mallery-Blythe, E., & Russell, C. (2020, October 23-24 and 2021, January 28 -31). Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of EMF Associated Illness and Pre-Conference course: Electrosmog and Electrotheraapetics 101. Virtual Conference. 

3. Belpomme, D., Campagnac, C., & Irigaray, P. (2015). Reliable disease biomarkers characterizing and identifying electrohypersensitivity and multiple chemical sensitivity as two etiopathogenic aspects of a unique pathological disorder. Reviews on Environmental Health, 30 (4), 251–271. 

4. Belpomme, D., & Irigaray, P. (2020). Electrohypersensitivity as a newly identified and characterized neurologic pathological disorder: How to diagnose, treat, and prevent it. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21 (6),1915; 

5. Belpomme, D., Carlo, G., Irigaray, P., Carpenter, D., Lardell, L., Kundi, M., Belyaev, I., Havas, M., Adlkofer, F., Heuser, G., Miller, A., Caccamo, D., DeLuca, C., von Klitzing, L., Pall, M., Bandara, P., Stein, Y., Sage, C., Solffritti, M., Davis, D., Moskowitz, J., Mortazavi, S., Herbert, M., Moshammer, H., Ledoigt, G., Turner, R., Tweedale, A., Munoz_Calero, P., Usasin, I., Koppel, T., Burgio, E., & Vander Vorst, A. (2021). The critical importance of molecular biomarkers and imaging in the study of electrohypersensitivity. A scientific consensus international report. International Journal of Molecular Science, 22, (14):7321.

6. Belpomme, D. & Irigaray, P. (2023). Electromagnetic hypersensitivity as a worldwide, man-made electromagnetic pathology: A review of the medical evidence. in Panagopoulos, D. (2023). Electromagnetic Fields of Wireless Communications: Biological and Health Effects. CRC Press, Taylor Francis Group. 

7. Belyaev, I., Dean, A., Eger, H., Hubmann, G., Jandrisovits, R., Kern, M., Thill, R. (2016). EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnesses. Reviews on Environmental Health, 31 (3), 363–397. 

8. Eberle, S. (2014). What’s the diagnosis, doctor? Sonoma Medicine, Fall 2014, 27–32. 

9. Genus, S., & Tymchak, M. (2014). Clinical review: Approach to patients with unexplained multimorbidity with sensitivities. Canadian Family Physician, 60 (6), 533–537.

10. Giuliani, L., & Soffritti, M. (2010). National Institute for the Study and Control of Cancer and Environmental Diseases “Bernardino Ramazzini” (Italy); Istituto Ramazzini.; International Commission for Electromagnetic Safety.NLM Unique ID 101554011 

11. Hedendahl L., Carlberg M., & Hardell L. (2015). Electromagnetic hypersensitivity--an increasing challenge to the medical profession. Reviews on Environmental Health,30 (4), 209-15. 

12. Hennies, K., Neitzke, P., Voigt, H. (2000). Mobile telecommunications and health: Review of the current scientific research in view of precautionary health protection. Mobile/De Te Mobil Deutsche Telekom Mob/Net GmbH. ECOLOG – Institute. 

13. Heuser, G. & Heuser, S. (2017). Functional brain MRI in patients complaining of electrohypersensitivity after long term exposure to electromagnetic fields. Rev Environ Health. 2017 Sep 26;32(3):291-299. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2017-0014.PMID: 28678737

14. Nagy, L., Patrick, L. & Chaloult, P. (2019, September 6-8). Electromagnetic Fields Conference 2019, Diagnosis and Treatment: Effects of Electromagnetic Fields Exposure. The Impact of today’s wireless technology.1440 Multiversity, 800 Bethany Drive, Scotts Valley, CA 95066.

15. Panagopoulos, D. (2023). Electromagnetic Fields of Wireless Communications: Biological and Health Effects. CRC Press, Taylor Francis Group. 

16. Physicians for Safe Technology (2025). 

17. Regional Medical Association, Austrian Medical Association (2012). Guideline of the Austrian Medical Association for the diagnosis and treatment of EMF related health problems and illnesses (EMF syndrome). Consensus paper of the Austrian Medical Association’s EMF Working Group ( AG-EMF), adopted at the meeting of environmental medicine officers of the Regional Medical Association´s and the Austrian Medical Association on 3rd March 2012 in Vienna.

18. Stein Y.& Udasin I.G.(2020). Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS, microwave syndrome) - Review of mechanisms. Environmental Research, 186, 109445.  Epub 2020 Mar 30. PMID: 32289567

19. Balmori, A. (2022). Evidence for a health risk by RF on humans living around mobile phone base stations: From radio frequency sickness to cancer. Environmental Research, 214, 113851. 

20. Hardell, L., Koppel, T. (2022). Electromagnetic hypersensitivity close to mobile phone base stations – a case study in Stockholm, Sweden. Reviews on Environmental Health.  

21. Bevington, M. (2019). The prevalence of people with restricted access to work in man-made electromagnetic environments. Journal of Environment and Health Science, 5, (1), 1–12.  

22. Physicians for Safe Technology. (2025). Patient Questionnaire Electrohypersensitivity.

23. Bevington M. (2021). Proof of EHS beyond all reasonable doubt. Comment on: Leszczynski D. The scientific evidence on the individual sensitivity to electromagnetic fields (EHS). Reviews in Environmental Health; Online ahead of print. Rev Environ Health, 2 (37), 299-301. 

24. Irigaray, P., Caccamo, D., & Belpomme, D. (2018). Oxidative stress in electrohypersensitivity self‑reporting patients: Results of a prospective in vivo investigation with comprehensive molecular analysis. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 42 (4):1885-1898. 

25. De Luca, C., Chung Sheun Thai, J., Raskovic, D., Desanka, R., Cesareo, E. Caccamo, E., Trukhanov, A., & Korkina, A. (2014). Metabolic and genetic screening of electromagnetic hypersensitive subjects as a feasible tool for diagnostics and intervention.  Mediators of Inflammation 924184.  

26. Heuser, G., & Heuser, S. (2017). Functional brain MRI in patients complaining of electrohypersensitivity after long term exposure to electromagnetic fields. Reviews on Environmental Health, 32, (3), 291-299. 

27. Gibson, P. (2009). Chemical and electromagnetic exposures as disability barriers: Environmental Sensitivity. Disability and Society, 24 (2), 187-199.

28. Gibson P. (2010). Of the world but not in it: barriers to community access and education for persons with environmental sensitivities. Health Care Women International, 31 (1), 3-16. 

29. Gibson P., Kovach S., & Lupfer A. (2015). Unmet health care needs for persons with environmental sensitivity. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 8, 59-66. 

30. Stein, Y. (2015). Environmental Refugees: Electrohypersensitive individuals (EHS) in the digital world – a disabled population deprived of home, work, and basic rights. Presented at UNESCO Chair in Bioethics 10th World Conference. 

31. Stein, Y. (2021). Preventive measures to reduce harmful effects produced by electromagnetic radiation on health. Health Risk Analysis, 

32. Mallery-Blythe, E. (2014). Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity: A summary. Electromagnetic Radiation and Health for Children. 

33. Regional Medical Association, Austrian Medical Association (2012). Guideline of the Austrian Medical Association for the diagnosis and treatment of EMF related health problems and illnesses (EMF syndrome). Consensus paper of the Austrian Medical Association’s EMF Working Group ( AG-EMF), adopted at the meeting of environmental medicine officers of the Regional Medical Association´s and the Austrian Medical Association on 3rd March 2012 in Vienna. 

34. Nathan, N. (2024). The sensitive patient’s healing guide. Cypress House. 

35. Redmayne, M., & Reddel, S. (2021). Redefining electrosensitivity: A new literature-supported model. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 40(2), 227–235. 

36. . Redmayne, M. & Reddel, S. (2021). Supplementary material for Redefining Electrosensitivity: A new literature supported model. 

Adverse neural effects (2-50 kHz)  

1. Ackerman, D. Ethler, C., Foldes, E., Oby, E., Tyler, D., Bauman, M., Bhadra, N., Miller, L., & Kilgore, K. (2011). Electrical conduction block in large nerves: high frequency current delivery in non-human primate. Muscle Nerve, 43 (6):897-899.doi:10.1002./mus22037.

2. Fisher, K., Jillani, N., Oluoch, G. & Baker, S. (2014). Blocking central pathways in the primate motor system using high frequency sinusoidal current. Innovative Methodology. Journal of Neurophysiology, 113: 1670-1680. doi:10.1152/jn.00347.2014

3. Liu, H., Roppolo, J., DeGroat, W, & Tai, C. (2009). The role of slow potassium current in nerve conduction block induced by high frequency biphasic electrical current. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; 56 (1): 137. Doi:10.1109/TBME.2008.2006013.

4. Liu, H., Roppolo, J., DeGroat, W, & Tai, C. (2009). Modulation of axonal excitability by high frequency biphasic electrical current. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; 56 (9): 2167. doi:10.1109/TBME.2020296.

5. Tai, C., DeGroat, W, &. Roppolo, J. (2009). Simulation analysis of conduction block in unmyelinated axons induced by high frequency biphasic electrical current. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; 52 (7): 1323.

6. Zhang, X, Roppolo, J., DeGroat, W, & Tai, C. (2006). Mechanism of nerve conduction block induced by high frequency biphasic electric current. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; 53 (12 Pt 1): 2445. doi:10.1109/TBME.2006.884640.

7. Zhao, S., Yang, G. Wang, J., Roppolo, J., DeGroat, W, & Tai, C. (2015). Conduction block in myelinated axons inducted by high frequency (KHz) non-symmetrical biphasic stimulation. Fronteirs in Computational Neuroscience. 9 (86). Doi: 10.3389/fncom.2015.00086.

Disability Resources & Papers

 1. Gibson, P. (2009). Chemical and electromagnetic exposures as disability barriers: Environmental Sensitivity. Disability and Society, 24 (2), 187-199. 

2. Gibson P. (2010). Of the world but not in it: barriers to community access and education for persons with environmental sensitivities. Health Care Women International, 31 (1), 3-16. 

3. Gibson P., Kovach S., & Lupfer A. (2015). Unmet health care needs for persons with environmental sensitivity. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 8, 59-66. 

4. Stein, Y. (2015). Environmental Refugees: Electrohypersensitive individuals (EHS) in the digital world – a disabled population deprived of home, work, and basic rights. Presented at UNESCO Chair in Bioethics 10th World Conference. 

5. Stein, Y. (2021). Preventive measures to reduce harmful effects produced by electromagnetic radiation on health. Health Risk Analysis.

6. . Federal Register (2027, January 18). Rules and Regulations (Volume 82, No. 11, page 5794-5796). 

7. IEQ Indoor Environmental Quality (2005). A project of the National Institute of Building Sciences. Social Security Administration (2003, 2020). Electromagnetic sensitivity found to be a severe impairment.

8. National Council on Disability (2023). Framework to End Health Disparities of People with Disabilities. 

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. (2021, August 12). 20-1025 - Environmental Health Trust, et al v. FCC, et al. [Government]. Administrative Office of the United States Courts.

Misc. Biological Effects - oxidative stress, DNA breaks, 

1. Bertuccio, M. P., Acri, G., Ientile, R., Caccamo, D., & Currò, M. (2023). The Exposure to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation Induced Different Cell Responses in Neuron-like Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Biomedicines, 11(12), 3129. 

2. Héroux, P. (2025). The Collision between Wireless and Biology, HELIYON.

3. Kim J, Lee J, Kim H, Kim K, & Kim H. (2019). Possible Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Central Nerve System. Biomolecules and Therapies.  27(3):265-275. doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.152. PMID: 30481957; PMCID: PMC6513191

4. Eberhardt, J. L., Persson, B. R. R., Brun, A. E., Salford, L. G., & Malmgren, L. O. G. (2008). Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Nerve Cell Damage in Rat Brain 14 and 28 Days After Exposure to Microwaves from GSM Mobile Phones. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 27(3), 215–229. 

In addition please see the section below with links to copies of statements from experts supporting the need to protect the public from man-made electromagnetic radiation.